Tuesday, January 10, 2012

Physiognomy of Men

The art of understanding the physiognomy of men is said to help one assess or judge one's character or personality. There are certain physical characteristics, especially of the face that help one interpret more about a person's nature. In order to find out if a man is worth your trust or is there something fishy about him, you can read a bit about face reading, that is, physiognomy in the following article.

On many occasions, I have been told by my grandma, never to trust a man with cat eyes. By cat eyes she meant someone with green eyes. These green-eyed men, according to her were not trustworthy and liaisons with them will result in heart breaks. I do not know how accurate is this face reading prophecy by my grandma. However, there are many countries like Greece, China and even India, where physiognomy, that is, face reading is considered an art. An expert in physiognomy is said to interpret and explain the personality or character of a particular person, with just a single look at the face and body structure. If you believe, the face can show you what's going on in the mind, then you will find the following tips very useful. The tips below cover information related to physiognomy of men. Read on and see if it helps you judge a man's character and nature better.

What Does Physiognomy Help Interpret?
Your features indicate your luck and fortune. Each facial area helps in assessing what kind of person you are. The forehead helps interpret one's way of thinking. The eyes tell you about your ability to take on different life experiences. Your work methodology and ability to deal with money is interpreted by the nose. Your mouth shows how expressive one is and the lips indicate your level of sensuality. Your interaction with others is indicated by the ears and level of assertiveness is explained by the appearance of chin. The meaning of each facial feature is different when it comes to the sexes. They interpret a different meaning when it comes to women and men. In the following paragraph, you shall learn to analyze the physiognomy of men. So, go ahead, arm yourself with these tips and start analyzing the personality of the men in your life.

Physiognomy of Men's Face

Head

The head of a man who is big in size and round indicates he will do well as an administrator. He will hold a good position in his life. A man whose head is level and is full of hair, shows he is intelligent as well as witty. This man is full of good qualities and character. A broad head than long shows the man will have trouble maintaining his wealth and will prove to be unlucky. A small head also shows he is not very lucky in life and will lack intelligence.

Hair

A head with full of hair means the man is intelligent. Thick and rough hair means the man may be poor. Jet black and thick hair indicate the person is full of good qualities. Thin black hair means the man is a passionate person. Slightly reddish hair means he may live a very comfortable life.

Forehead

A broad forehead indicates the main is intelligent, learned as well as has a generous nature. A short forehead indicates he will most probably be poor and may even live a short life. Wealthy and spiritually inclined men have curved and broad foreheads. High and broad forehead indicates intelligence and wealth.

Eyes

A man whose corner of the eye is red in color, shows he will rank high in popularity among women. A deep-set and deeply sunk eyes indicate a very unfaithful and wicked man. If a man has nice round eyes, he may either be a conman or a very brave person. Red colored eyes indicate passionate nature and yellow colored eyes mean the person is not content with his life. White eyes show intelligence.

Eyebrows

Eyebrows that are curved like a bow, show the man will lead a comfortable life and will have no problems with his wealth. Joining of both eyebrows means the person will remain under the influence of the opposite sex. However, such individuals are very kind-hearted. Selfish, conceited individuals have long, bushy eyebrows. A poor and unlucky individual may have less hair on his eyebrows.

Ears

Small-sized ears means a foolish man. Long eared men are often considered intelligent. Twisted and hard ears indicate the man is either a wrestler or has a stout body. Thin ear frame may indicate the person is a scholar and thick ears indicate unreliable, cheat and an evil person.

Nose

Long nose indicates a lucky man who will earn power and wealth. Very long nose means he is a shameless person. Small noses mean a kind-hearted man with religious outlook. A shrewd and wicked man has a depression in the center of his nose.

Cheeks

A man with dimples that are seen when he laughs or talks shows he is lucky and wealthy. Broad, fleshy cheeks mean the person has a destiny to rule and earn power with wealth. Raised cheeks indicate selfishness.

Chin

A man with no hair on the chin indicates he has a personality of a coward and may be unlucky. Little hair in chin means he is selfish and has a rash temperament. A man who loves to talk, that is, talkative man has a long, hanging chin.

Mouth and Lips

A man with broad mouth is hard on luck and big mouth means he has a bold nature. Red lips indicate the person has a happy, optimistic nature. Long, broad lips mean unlucky man with a blemished character. Protruding, big lower lips indicate a hardworking man who has trouble with faithfulness.

Face

A man with round face is considered jovial and lucky. Very big and ill-proportioned face indicates he may be poor.

Physiognomy of Men's Body

Height

A tall man is supposed to have a good personality and live a comfortable life. Men with a short stature are considered sexy in nature, cunning and yes, clever.

Stomach

A long, thin stomach or belly shows he holds a good position in life and work. Normal belly shows he is lucky. If the person has red veins apparent on his stomach, it shows loose morals and blue veins indicate wealth.

Belly Button

Big, round navel is interpreted as a generous man. Deep, fleshy belly button means the man holds a good position in his life. A man is said to have weak morals when his navel is small and uneven in shape.

Thighs

Thick hair on a man's thigh means he is very popular with the opposite sex. Hairless thighs as well as thin thigh indicate bad luck. Fleshy and broad thighs mean the person has good luck on his side.

Feet

Big feet that appear fleshy means he has power and wealth. A man with average feet means he lives an average life.

Body Hair

A man with scanty hair on the body is said to be lucky. If he has thin hair, he is said to suffer in life. Very thick hair means, he will live a miserable life.

These are some features and their meanings related to the physiognomy of men.

Physiognomy of a woman

Have you ever thought of being able to read the mind of a woman? Won't you like to face read a woman and find out if she is the type of girl you are looking for. You can try the art of physiognomy and get to know a few points about her possible nature. The following article on physiognomy of women will help you learn a few personality traits related to physical features.

They say never try to understand a woman. The more you try, the more you will get confused. Oscar Wilde may have learned this fact the hard way, and therefore, he came up with the following famous quote: "Women are meant to be loved, not to be understood". She may say everything is alright, but in reality, there's a storm building up within her. You may find the most beautiful girl you ever met in your life, but is she as beautiful on the inside? This brings up the need for learning the art of physiognomy of women. Face reading is a very ancient art that may have originated in India and spread to other countries like Iran as well as France. Based on physical characteristics of a person's face, one can assume most of the different aspects of their character as well as personality. So, if you want to know more about the inner self based on the outer characteristics, read on the following tips on physiognomy of a woman's face.

Physiognomy of a Woman's Face

It's not just the face of a person you know, but also recognizing the characteristics of one's own face. This will help you learn all the positive as well as negative traits of your personality. The following facial features of women and their corresponding characteristics will help you know these fine points related to your own, as well as the personality of others.

Physiognomy of Women's Face

Head

The head can speak a lot about a woman. If the front portion of the head is straight, it indicates the woman is lucky. An arched head shows she is lucky as well as leading a comfortable life. A round head indicates the woman may be unlucky in life. Women with long head are said to have a questionable character.

Hair

The hair is said to help measure the inner strength of a woman. Women with thick, coarse and wild hair are said to have very high physical as well as mental strength. These women are thought to maintain great resilience in their lives. Women with thin, silky hair are said to be sensitive in nature. Those who have black colored hair are thought to be lucky and wealthy. Red hair women are considered to be of ill temper and quarrelsome in nature.

Forehead

The forehead gives the first impression about a woman. A long and broad forehead means the woman is unlucky in life. Woman with the forehead covered in hair or has a depression in the center, it indicates she may be jealous and have ill will towards some people.

Eyebrows

Eyebrows are the next feature that catches one's attention. Bow shaped eyebrows with soft, black hair indicate beauty and strong character. Wide, wavy, golden-colored, bushy eyebrows indicate the woman is unlucky as well as of a mean nature. Straight eyebrows indicate an unlucky woman.

Eyes

Eyes, the window of the soul, speak a lot about a person. Women with large eyes that shine are said to have a dominating nature, lucky as well as leader. Small eyes that appear gloomy and round indicate the woman is shrewd and imposes self limitations that prevent her from growing in life. A woman with drowsy, sleepy eyes means she loves mingling with the opposite sex and may have loose morals.

Mouth

One can tell a lot about relationships by examining the lips. A woman with thin upper lip and a broader lower lip indicates she may have problems reciprocating her feelings in a relationship. A woman with thin lower lip and thicker upper lip may indicate she gives in too much to build and maintain a relationship. A self-centered, mean woman has small, tightly pursued lips. A lady with full lips means she is expressive, generous as well as loves the rich things offered by life.

Nose

A woman with a straight nose indicates she is intelligent, witty, wise as well as full of perseverance. Women with a small nose are said to be cunning, shrewd as well as mischievous. A proud woman who is also lazy and loves the pleasures of life is said to have wide, flaring nostrils. Good matured women have a hook shaped nose.

Physiognomy of Women's Body

Height

Women of an average height are supposed to be the loved by their husbands a lot. They are known to perform their household duties well. Very tall women are not considered to be sexy and very attractive by the opposite sex. Short women are supposed to be happy-go-lucky kinds. They love to experiment in the bed and are said to be very sweet-natured.

Neck

A smooth, not very long and well proportionate neck is said to be an asset related to the woman's beauty. Deer like necks are popular and loved by all. Too fat and wide neck indicates the woman will have a bad nature and get herself involved in carrying out mischief. If the woman has three wrinkles on her neck, it indicates she will have wealth and good luck.

Shoulders

Women with crooked and hairy shoulders are considered unlucky. Women with not too broad and fleshy shoulders are said to be lucky.

Hands

Women with very long hands are said to be unlucky. Those who have rough dry hands are said to spend a life of struggle. Soft, delicate hands indicate wealth and good fortune.

Fingers

Women with long, thin fingers are said to have good luck on their side. Women with small, spatula shaped fingers with hair on the back are said to be unlucky. Short and fat fingers indicate the woman is of a stubborn nature. Small thumbs and conical fingers indicate the woman is clever and very faithful towards her husband. Square shaped fingers and broad thumbs indicate the woman is mischievous and a fighter cock. Women with pointed and thin fingers are said to have a passionate and social nature.

Belly Button

If the belly button or navel is deep, she will be very popular and will be dear to her husband. Broad, fleshy navel indicates the woman is lucky.

Waist

Woman with a fat waist is said to love good dresses. A narrow, well-formed waist, smooth and not very hairy indicates the woman is lucky. Big, flabby waist is said to indicate the woman is shrewd and wicked in nature.

Thighs

Women who have round, straight, fleshy thighs are said to be brave and kind-hearted. Women with broad, hairy thighs are said to spend a life of struggle. Thin, skinny thighs indicate the woman is unlucky.

Ankles

Ankles of a woman who are fleshy and round, indicate the woman will have a very fortunate life. Broad or disproportionate ankles indicate bad luck.

Feet

When all the toes touch the ground and the full foot falls on the ground while walking, it indicates the woman is very fortunate. When the third and the fourth toe does not touch the ground while walking, it indicates the woman may become a widow.

Toe Nails

Women with red colored toe nails are said to live a comfortable life. Yellow colored toe nails indicate she will be poor, pink indicates a woman of a shrewd and wicked nature. White colored toe nails means the woman may live a life of struggle and misery. Black colored toe nails indicate the woman may have a loose character.

These were some physical attributes that tell you a lot about a woman. However, one should not follow these traits by the look.

Face reading - rough techniques

Face reading techniques can prove to be very useful in your professional and personal lives. Face reading techniques will help you learn more about an individual and help you take a right decision. The following article will introduce you to some of the face reading techniques.

Face reading techniques help you learn a lot about a person's inner characteristics and nature. It will help you notice if the person is hardworking or a sinister character. Face reading techniques is not a new science or study, but has been around since Aristotle's time. There is a vast history and extensive literature available regarding face reading or physiognomy. The classical literature containing information on face reading by Homer, Hippocrates have also been found. But, the crown for carrying out extensive research and study on physiognomy goes to Aristotle. He studied the various features like color, skin, hair, limbs, gait and even voice and noted down his interpretations. The practice of physiognomy or face reading techniques have also been noted by Latin classical authors like Jubenal, Suetonius and Pliny the Elder.

The initial face reading techniques were descriptive in nature and the medieval ones related to the predictive and astrological sides. Al-Razi, an Arab writer and alchemist and Avicenna a renowned scholar have also been known to have contributed a lot to the literature related to physiognomy or face reading techniques. By the 18th and 19th century, the art of physiognomy was widely used to detect criminal tendencies. In the 20th century, the face reading techniques became popular in the interpretation of mental faculties and character traits. Franz-Joseph Gall developed a method of pure empiricism that according to him could detect the criminal minds.

Dr. Edward Vincent Jones, a US Superior Court Judge, in the 1920s went on to study the physiognomy traits. He was motivated to learn more about the face reading techniques as he found many similarities between the hundreds and thousands of people he met in his courtroom. With the earlier literature as his basis, he resolved the contradicting statements in and came up with his own sixty-four physical traits and called it 'personology'. These personology traits are also seen in systems other than physiognomy. American psychologist Paul Ekman, in the 1960s, started a face reading business, where he found the face as an instrument to communicate. This facial communication according to him are governed by certain rules that help in reading facial expressions. This article will discuss some free face reading techniques that will help you get a fair idea regarding the inner true self of a person. The following free face reading techniques cover few important facial expressions that will help you learn more about the unknown traits of a known person.

Face Reading Tips

Face reading techniques have been studied through centuries to know more about an individual. The inquisitive human mind has always been fascinated to know more about the minds of his fellow-men. The ancient Chinese method of face reading believed in the ideology that the human face was a reflection of the inner spirit and the people of Medieval Europe thought the face was synonymous with virtue. There are over 100 points on the face that you can analyze and find more about a person. Here we will see a few face reading tips that you may find useful when trying to learn more about a person.

Facial Shape
You can learn a lot about a person with his or her facial shape. The following common facial shapes will help you learn a few face reading tips:

Round Face: They are known as water-shaped faced people. They have a plump and fleshy face. People with round faces are an emotional lot. They are known to be sensitive and caring. They are thought to have strong sexual fantasies. If you are looking forward for a long-term, stable relationship, these people will prove to be the right choice.
Oblong Face: The long, thin face is called the wood-shape face. These people may have a muscular or athletic physic. They are thought to be practical, methodical and tend to be a tad more overworked. They are thought to be weighed along with narcissism and may have problematic relationships.
Triangular Face: These face types are usually related to a thin body and intellectual suasion. They are considered to be creative and thought to have a fiery temperament according to the Chinese face readers.
Square: They are known as the metal shape face. These people are thought to have an intelligent, analytical and decisive mind. The face shape is associated with an aggressive and dominating nature.

Face Profile
There are five types of face profiles that you should consider when trying to read a person with the help of face reading techniques. The five face profile types are:

Convex: The person with the convex profile types have a sloping forehead, slightly prominent brows and a large nose that is slightly curved. They also have a receding chin shape. These people come under the category of hard-headed people who have a demanding nature and an impatient streak.
Concave: The people with concave profile type have a prominent forehead, almost flat eyebrows, smaller and straight or slightly inward curved or bent nose. They have a flat mouth and well-formed chin that has an outward curve. These people are thought to be good-natured and patient lot. They tend to judge over things intentionally.
Plane: The plane profile type neither have the intentional character of the concave type or the demanding nature of the convex type. They have a consistent character and a balanced state of mind.
Concave-Convex: This profile has individuals with a concave upper part and lower convex facial part. These people tend to be of very weak character and are often impulsive in nature. They tend to be very unreliable people.
Convex-Concave: The upper face in convex and the lower face is concave. These people are said to have a dominating and ruling personality. They are also associated with the intentional and persistent nature of the concave profile.

Forehead Shape
You can learn many things about a person's thinking style if you know the face reading techniques related to the forehead. The following forehead tips will help you know more:

Straight Forehead: These are known as progressive thinkers and follow a progressive style of thinking. They cannot think of a third point, until they understand the second point. They are mostly misunderstood in childhood as dumb kids though, they turn out to be intelligent. It is the progressive style that slows down their thinking and they do not have a fast reflex response. They have difficulty when working under pressure and need time to think progressively. Thus many times they tend to lose their control in situations like the last few minutes before their exam ends or in case of deadlines.
Slopped Forehead: These people are fast thinkers and so quick they tend to complete your sentences before you finish. They are easily bored with people with straight forehead as they cannot slow down to match their speed. You can find basketball players and football players with slopped foreheads as they are quick and fast. They are also quick decision makers and thus tend to get caught in a lot many wrong decisions.
Curved Forehead: These are very creative people and do not like restrictions thrust on them. They love to use their imagination and hate to do maths and accounts. They are very good with arts and areas related to creativity and imagination. The curve of their head tends to occupy a large section of their brain, thus are very intelligent and you may find many geniuses in among them.

Eyes
The eyes are said to be the windows of the soul and you can learn a lot with the help of face reading techniques of the eyes. If someone has prominent eyes you can conclude that they are bright and happy and you may consider the person as a kind-hearted, friendly and approachable individual. Small, shifty eyes indicate a nervous temperament. Small eyes may also indicate a perfectionist and attentive person.

Eyes that are close-set tend to show good concentration power. Uneven set eyes show the person has a different look out at things from different perspectives. Wide set eyes indicate a broad-minded and tolerant person and have a little regard for figures of authority. Narrow set eyes indicate a narrow-minded person.

The upward slanting eyes show an opportunistic person and someone who gets what he wants. People with deep-set eyes are intense, progressive and observant. They are usually into creative and writing fields. You can even learn more about a person by the way he or she looks, whether a warm-hearted person or cold and cruel nature or an amorous lover.

Eyebrows
The face reading techniques in respect to the eyebrows also reveal a lot about a person. If a person has weak or thin eyebrows, he tends to be indecisive and has may lack slightly in self-confidence. Bushy eyebrows indicate assertiveness and strong personality. Unibrow shows an intense persistent and these people tend to be jealous and possessive in nature. They are introverts and tend to think a lot.

Nose
The shape of the different types of noses are very important trait in face reading techniques. A person with high, straight, full and fleshy tip that has a gently flared but protected nostrils is thought to be the ideal nose shape. The fleshy tip is a symbol of warmth, cordiality and a deep sense of empathy. They have high standards set for themselves and are basically good mannered souls.

People with big or over sized nose tips indicate violent streaks and a larger nose tips shows that is more prone to violent acts. An aquiline nosed person is a strong-willed, independent and enterprising individual. An upturned nose indicates someone who loves to mix with people around him.

Mouth
The face reading techniques for mouth shape also helps in learning more about a person. Small shaped mouth shows a tendency of being feminine and men with small mouth tend to be shy and not very manly in their ways. Large mouth shows a talkative person and the width indicates the generosity of character.

Thin top lips and full bottom lips indicate people who cannot reciprocate in a relationship. And full top lip and thin lower lip shows an over giving person. Caring and sensitive nature is indicated by full round lips and small lips mean a self-centered personality. Lips that are curved upward indicate an optimistic person and downward curve shows a hard to please person.

Jawline
In face reading techniques, a strong jawline is indicative of a very strong value system in a person. They are quick to judge and have high stamina as well as endurance power. These people tend to be stubborn. Weak jawline indicates weak personality and weak-willed person. They are easily influenced by others and tend to live life according to terms set by others. People with a wider jawline than the ear line indicate a highly competitive person. They hate losing and do not tolerate competition.

Wrinkles
Wrinkles, something all women dread, is a useful face reading techniques. The crow's-feet or wrinkles around the eyes indicate an open-hearted person. They are also called joy lines as these people tend to spread happiness wherever they go. Vertical frown lines between the eyes show a logical, hardworking and a very decisive individual. The purpose lines, that is, lines extending from the nose to the mouth are indicative of people that are walking on the right path of life.

These are just a few face reading techniques that will help you learn a bit more than you can see in a person. Face reading techniques is not an exact science. You need to learn and understand a lot before you can claim to be a face reading expert. Face reading is similar to palm reading, you can never claim it to be exact and true, but you always tend to believe by giving it the benefit of doubt. Reading a face like an open book is not an easy task and you require a lot of talent to decipher the truth behind the mask. You can always find a kernel of truth with the help of the above free face reading techniques. Take it up as a hobby, you may never know when the face reading techniques help you out of a sticky situation.

Victimology

Victimology is the scientific study of victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system — that is, the police and courts, and corrections officials — and the connections between victims and other social groups and institutions, such as the media, businesses, and social movements. Victimology is however not restricted to the study of victims of crime alone but may include other forms of human rights violations.

Victim of a crime

In criminology and criminal law, a victim of a crime is an identifiable person who has been harmed individually and directly by the perpetrator, rather than by society as a whole. However, this may not always be the case, as with victims of white collar crime, who may not be clearly identifiable or directly linked to crime against a particular individual. Victims of white collar crime are often denied their status as victims by the social construction of the concept (Croall, 2001). Not all criminologists accept the concept of victimization or victimology. The concept also remains a controversial topic within women's studies.

The Supreme Court of the United States first recognized the rights of crime victims to make a victim impact statement during the sentencing phase of a criminal trial in the case of Payne v. Tennessee 501 U.S. 808 (1991).

A victim impact panel is a form of community-based or restorative justice in which the crime victims (or relatives and friends of deceased crime victims) meet with the defendant after conviction to tell the convict about how the criminal activity affected them, in the hope of rehabilitation or deterrence.

Consequences of crimes

Emotional distress as the result of crime is a recurring theme for all victims of crime. The most common problem, affecting three quarters of victims, were psychological problems, including: fear, anxiety, nervousness, self-blame, anger, shame, and difficulty sleeping.These problems often result in the development of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post crime distress is also linked to pre-existing emotional problems and sociodemographic variables. This has been known to become a leading case of the elderly to be more adversely affected.(Ferraro, 1995)

Victims may experience the following psychological reactions:

Increase in the belief of personal vulnerability.
The perception of the world as meaningless and incomprehensible.
The view of themselves in a negative light.

The experience of victimization may result in an increasing fear of the victim of the crime, and the spread of fear in the community.

Victim proneness

One of the most controversial sub-topics within the broader topic is victim proneness. The concept of victim proneness is a "highly moralistic way of assigning guilt" to the victim of a crime, also known as victim blaming. One theory, the environmental theory, posits that the location and context of the crime bring the victim of the crime and its perpetrator together.

There have been some studies recently to quantify the real existence of victim-proneness. Contrary to the popular belief that more women are repeat victims, and thus more victim-prone than men, actually men in their prime (24 to 34 year old males) are more likely to be victims of repeated crimes. While each study used different methodology, their results must be taken seriously and further studies are warranted.

The study of victimology may also include the "culture of victimhood," wherein the victim of a crime revels in his or her status, proclaiming that self-created victimhood throughout a community by winning the sympathy of professionals and peers.

In the case of juvenile offenders, the study results also show that people are more likely to be victimized as a result of a serious offense by someone they know; the most frequent crimes committed by adolescents towards someone they know were sexual assault, common assault, and homicide. Adolescents victimizing people they did not know generally committed common assault, forcible confinement, armed robbery, and robbery.

Sex workers are, anecdotally, thought to have an abnormally high incidence of violent crime, and such crimes go frequently unresolved, but there are few victimological studies of the matter.

Fundamental attribution error

In social psychology, the fundamental attribution error (also known as correspondence bias or attribution effect) describes the tendency to over-value dispositional or personality-based explanations for the observed behaviors of others while under-valuing situational explanations for those behaviors. The term was coined by Lee Ross some years after a now-classic experiment by Edward E. Jones and Victor Harris (1967).

The fundamental attribution error is most visible when people explain the behavior of others. It does not explain interpretations of one's own behavior—where situational factors are often taken into consideration. This discrepancy is called the actor–observer bias. As a simple example, if Alice saw Bob trip over a rock and fall, Alice might consider Bob to be clumsy or careless (dispositional). If Alice later tripped over the same rock herself, she would be more likely to blame the placement of the rock (situational). Victim proneness or victim blaming can be a form of fundamental attribution error, and more specifically, the just-world phenomenon.

The Just-world phenomenon is the belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get, which was first theorized by Melvin Lerner (1977). Attributing failures to dispositional causes rather than situational causes, which are unchangeable and uncontrollable, satisfies our need to believe that the world is fair and we have control over our life. We are motivated to see a just world because this reduces our perceived threats, gives us a sense of security, helps us find meaning in difficult and unsettling circumstances, and benefits us psychologically. Unfortunately, the just-world hypothesis also results in a tendency for people to blame and disparage victims of a tragedy or an accident, such as victims of rape and domestic abuse to reassure themselves of their insusceptibility to such events. People may even go to such extremes as the victim's faults in "past life" to pursue justification for their bad outcome.

Victim facilitation

Victim facilitation, another controversial sub-topic, but a more accepted theory than victim blaming, finds its roots in the writings of criminologists such as Marvin Wolfgang. The choice to use victim facilitation as opposed to “victim blaming” or some other term is that victim facilitation is not blaming the victim, but rather the interactions of the victim that make him/her vulnerable to a crime.

While victim facilitation relates to “victim blaming” the idea behind victim facilitation is to study the elements that make a victim more accessible or vulnerable to an attack. In an article that summarizes the major movements in victimology internationally, Schneider expresses victim facilitation as a model that ultimately describes only the misinterpretation of victim behavior of the offender. It is based upon the theory of a symbolic interaction and does not alleviate the offender of his/her exclusive responsibility.

In Eric Hickey’s Serial Murderers and their Victims, a major analysis of 329 serial killers in

America

is conducted. As part of Hickey’s analysis, he categorized victims as high, low, or mixed regarding the victim’s facilitation of the murder. Categorization was based upon lifestyle risk (example, amount of time spent interacting with strangers), type of employment, and their location at the time of the killing (example, bar, home or place of business). Hickey found that 13-15% of victims had high facilitation, 60-64% of victims had low facilitation and 23-25% of victims had a combination of high and low facilitation. Hickey also noted that among serial killer victims after 1975, one in five victims placed themselves at risk either by hitchhiking, working as a prostitute or involving themselves in situations in which they often came into contact with strangers.

There is importance in studying and understanding victim facilitation as well as continuing to research it as a sub-topic of victimization. For instance, a study of victim facilitation increases public awareness, leads to more research on victim-offender relationship, and advances theoretical etiologies of violent crime. One of the ultimate purposes of this type of knowledge is to inform the public and increase awareness so fewer people become victims. Another goal of studying victim facilitation, as stated by Maurice Godwin, is to aid in investigations. Godwin discusses the theory of victim social networks as a concept in which one looks at the areas of highest risk for victimization from a serial killer. This can be connected to victim facilitation because the victim social networks are the locations in which the victim is most vulnerable to the serial killer. Using this process, investigators can create a profile of places where the serial killer and victim both frequent.

Modus operandi

Modus operandi (plural modi operandi) is a Latin phrase, approximately translated and backronymed as "mode of operation". The term is used to describe someone's habits or manner of working, their method of operating or functioning. In English, it is frequently shortened to M.O.

The expression is often used in police work when discussing a crime and addressing the methods employed by the perpetrators. It is also used in criminal profiling, where it can help in finding clues to the offender's psychology. It largely consists of examining the actions used by the individual(s) to execute the crime, prevent its detection and/or facilitate escape.

In the book Criminal Investigation, B.L. Berg explains that a suspect's modus operandi can help in identification, apprehension and/or repression. An M.O. file is an orderly method of recording and coding information designed to reveal habits, traits or practices of criminal suspects. This can then be used to aid in the eventual apprehension of the suspect(s), and can also be used to determine links between crimes.

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Indeed
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Blogging/Home-Based Business

Earn money with your pictures

With the technology we have available to us today, it’s still pretty easy to make almost any picture look good with programs like Photoshop and websites like Picnik. If you can take pictures, you can make money. There are many, many sites that will pay you for your photographs. One main reason there is such a market for this is because people with websites need images of various things. Sometimes you can find royalty-free images for what you need and sometimes you can’t. When you can’t, it might be necessary to buy a stock photo. Magazines and greeting card companies are also almost always in the market for good, original photography.

I’ve made a list of some websites that will pay you for your photography, some paying a flat fee and some paying you residuals. All you really need is a digital camera. If you would like to do this but don’t think you have the skill, you can find lots of useful resources online to help you understand what it takes to create a nice photograph. Here’s the list:

Palm Press – This is a special occasion company that accepts themed photograph submissions for things like Christmas, new baby, get well soon, Valentine’s Day, and so forth. They are always looking for new, original images. You can either email your photographs to them or send them via snail mail for consideration.

Paid Pictures – Submit seven pictures for review. If they like what they see, they may start sending you paid photography assignments.

123 Royalty Free – Anyone can sign up to sell images. Upload your photographs. If they are purchased by customers of 123 Royalty Free, you will receive 50 percent of the sale price or subscription download price.

Dreamstime – Sell your stock images and get 25 to 60 percent of each sale you make. Anyone can sign up, but only quality photos are accepted.

iStockphoto - iStock pays contributors a base royalty rate of 15% for each file downloaded. If you are an Exclusive contributor you can earn up to 45%.

Fotolia - For every file sold, you will receive a royalty payout based on your portfolio exclusivity and ranking.

PR Photos – This one may be kind of a long shot, but if you happen to get the chance to photograph some celebrities, they’ll pay you 50 percent of whatever your image sells for every time it sells.

Shutterstock - It’s free to contribute and you’ll earn $0.25 to $28.00 per image download.

Deposit Photo – Earn royalties for your images. Payments are made to you with Paypal, Moneybookers, or Webmoney.

Graphic Leftovers – Get 52 percent on all sales of your images and set your own price. Payments are made with Paypal, Moneybookers, or check.

Cricket Magazine – Will pay between $10 and $210 dollars for your color or black and white original images.

Shutter Point - 85% for Full Royalty Free License, and 70% for Standard Royalty Free License. Payouts are delivered by check or through PayPal whenever your earnings exceed your minimum payment amount. Minimum payment options start at $50.

Photo Spin – Get up to up to 50% of the revenue your work generates every time one of your images is downloaded from our site or our partner’s site.

Image Vortex – Join their community to submit and sell your images.

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8 top tips to earn money online

The internet has revolutionized the way we connect with others, how we shop, the ways in which we socialize and how we work. It has also caused some big changes in how we make money.

People use the internet to make a little cash, and others have turned working on the web into their primary source of income. For some folks, this means a lot of income. To help you make the most money you can from the World Wide Web, here are seven top tips for making money that can help you to optimize and increase your income.

1. Start A Blog

It doesn’t matter if you are in the business of selling widgets; every site needs a blog! Blogs let you add fresh content all the time, content that will keep visitors coming back for more and that will keep your pages on the top of search results. Blog pages also give you more space for discrete advertisements and affiliate programs and other similar streams of revenue. Additionally, getting paid for doing sponsored posts and reviews are a great way to make more money.

2. If Something Is Too Good To Be True, It Probably Is!

Don’t get blinded by promises of big pay checks. If something or someone is promising to pay you big bucks for doing nearly nothing, it probably isn’t what it claims to be.

3. Use Social Media

Social media networks like Facebook and Twitter are top ways to build a buzz around your website or business. If you have multiple sites, be sure that each of them has an account that is updated regularly. Social sites aren’t repayable as your only form of advertising, but they can help to build a lot of brand recognition and send eyes to your sites.

4. Pick One Niche & Expand Outward

While it may be tempting to start blogs and sites that appeal to lots of top categories, this strategy may spread you out too thin and prevent you from ever truly optimizing any of these channels. Start with one niche that you are the most knowledgeable about, establish yourself as an expert and then expand out from there. Only then start working out other areas.

5. Work On It Every Day!

Making money on the web is something that happens 24 hours a day seven days a week. If you start building your site and take a hiatus for a few weeks, you site will still be there, but many of your viewers or customers won’t be. If you have a blog, try to update once a day at minimum. If you have a site or service, try to respond to emails within 24 hours. Even though you can’t be available all the time, your site is, and whether rightly or not, your visitors expect you to be too.

6. Don’t Try To Make Your Money The Easy Way

That isn’t to say that you shouldn’t go after the easy money from things like ads, but you shouldn’t have that be your only way to make money. Ads may make you some extra money, but every click on these ads often earns you only pennies. Additionally, the folks who visit your pages don’t like ads, and if your page is slathered with them people won’t keep visiting your page, and they definitely won’t be clicking on those ads.

7. Work Multiple Channels

If you put all of your eggs in one basket, you are asking for trouble. Even if you have the best ideas, best products or best anything else, it doesn’t mean that it will make you a ton of loot. If you have your online widget store, you should also be sure to have a widget blog (with ads and affiliate marketing programs) and maybe even an eBay store to unload widget overstock. This way you are hedging your bets and making sure you have money coming in from other channels in the event of difficulties with one of your streams.

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